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Skipping Authentication: Telerik Report Server’s New Feature?

The ‎Progress‏ ‎Telerik ‎Report ‎Server ‎pre-authenticated ‎Remote‏ ‎Code ‎Execution‏ ‎(RCE)‏ ‎chain, ‎identified ‎as‏ ‎CVE-2024-4358 and ‎CVE-2024-1800, involves‏ ‎a ‎critical ‎vulnerability ‎that‏ ‎allows‏ ‎unauthenticated ‎attackers‏ ‎to ‎execute‏ ‎arbitrary ‎code ‎on ‎affected ‎servers.

Attack‏ ‎Flow

📌Initial‏ ‎Access: The ‎attacker‏ ‎identifies ‎a‏ ‎vulnerable ‎Telerik ‎Report ‎Server ‎instance.

📌Exploitation‏ ‎of‏ ‎CVE-2024-4358: The‏ ‎attacker ‎sends‏ ‎a ‎crafted‏ ‎request ‎to‏ ‎the‏ ‎/Startup/Register ‎endpoint‏ ‎to ‎create ‎a ‎new ‎administrator‏ ‎account.

📌Privilege ‎Escalation:‏ ‎The‏ ‎attacker ‎logs ‎in‏ ‎using ‎the‏ ‎newly ‎created ‎administrator ‎account.

📌Exploitation‏ ‎of‏ ‎CVE-2024-1800: The ‎attacker‏ ‎creates ‎a‏ ‎malicious ‎report ‎that ‎exploits ‎the‏ ‎deserialization‏ ‎vulnerability ‎to‏ ‎execute ‎arbitrary‏ ‎code.

📌Command ‎Execution: ‎The ‎attacker ‎executes‏ ‎arbitrary‏ ‎commands‏ ‎on ‎the‏ ‎server, ‎achieving‏ ‎remote ‎code‏ ‎execution.


Attack‏ ‎Scenario

Target ‎Identification:

📌The‏ ‎attacker ‎identifies ‎a ‎vulnerable ‎instance‏ ‎of ‎the‏ ‎Telerik‏ ‎Report ‎Server, ‎typically‏ ‎by ‎scanning‏ ‎for ‎publicly ‎exposed ‎instances‏ ‎using‏ ‎tools ‎like‏ ‎Shodan.

Authentication ‎Bypass‏ ‎(CVE-2024-4358):

📌The ‎attacker ‎exploits ‎an ‎authentication‏ ‎bypass‏ ‎vulnerability ‎in‏ ‎the ‎Telerik‏ ‎Report ‎Server’s ‎setup ‎wizard. ‎This‏ ‎vulnerability‏ ‎allows‏ ‎the ‎attacker‏ ‎to ‎create‏ ‎a ‎new‏ ‎administrator‏ ‎account ‎without‏ ‎any ‎prior ‎authentication.

📌The ‎specific ‎endpoint‏ ‎exploited ‎is‏ ‎Telerik.ReportServer.Web.dll!‏ ‎Telerik.ReportServer.Web.Controllers.StartupController.Register, ‎which ‎does‏ ‎not ‎verify‏ ‎if ‎the ‎setup ‎process‏ ‎has‏ ‎already ‎been‏ ‎completed.

📌The ‎attacker‏ ‎sends ‎a ‎crafted ‎HTTP ‎request‏ ‎to‏ ‎the ‎/Startup/Register‏ ‎endpoint ‎to‏ ‎create ‎a ‎new ‎administrator ‎account:

curl‏ ‎'http://TARGET_HERE/Startup/Register'‏ ‎-d‏ ‎'Username=USERNAME_HERE& ‎Password=PASSWORD_HERE&‏ ‎ConfirmPassword=PASSWORD_HERE& ‎Email=backdoor%http://40admin.com&‏ ‎FirstName=backdoor& ‎LastName=user'

Account‏ ‎Creation‏ ‎and ‎Authentication:

📌Upon‏ ‎successful ‎exploitation, ‎the ‎attacker ‎gains‏ ‎high-privileged ‎access‏ ‎to‏ ‎the ‎Telerik ‎Report‏ ‎Server ‎by‏ ‎using ‎the ‎newly ‎created‏ ‎administrator‏ ‎account.

📌The ‎attacker‏ ‎logs ‎in‏ ‎using ‎the ‎credentials ‎of ‎the‏ ‎backdoor‏ ‎account ‎created‏ ‎in ‎the‏ ‎previous ‎step.

Deserialization ‎Exploit ‎(CVE-2024-1800):

📌With ‎administrative‏ ‎access,‏ ‎the‏ ‎attacker ‎leverages‏ ‎a ‎deserialization‏ ‎vulnerability ‎in‏ ‎the‏ ‎Telerik ‎Report‏ ‎Server ‎to ‎execute ‎arbitrary ‎code‏ ‎on ‎the‏ ‎server.

📌The‏ ‎attacker ‎creates ‎a‏ ‎malicious ‎report‏ ‎that ‎triggers ‎the ‎deserialization‏ ‎flaw,‏ ‎allowing ‎them‏ ‎to ‎run‏ ‎arbitrary ‎commands ‎on ‎the ‎server.

📌The‏ ‎PoC‏ ‎script ‎automates‏ ‎this ‎process,‏ ‎including ‎generating ‎random ‎usernames ‎and‏ ‎passwords‏ ‎for‏ ‎the ‎backdoor‏ ‎account ‎and‏ ‎creating ‎a‏ ‎malicious‏ ‎report:

python ‎http://CVE-2024-4358.py --target‏ ‎http://192.168.253.128:83 -c ‎«whoami»


Читать: 3+ мин
logo Overkill Security

Check Point’s 'Best Security' Slogan Meets Reality: CVE-2024-24919

The ‎technical‏ ‎details ‎and ‎real-world ‎exploitation ‎of‏ ‎CVE-2024-24919 highlight ‎the‏ ‎critical‏ ‎nature ‎of ‎this‏ ‎vulnerability ‎and‏ ‎the ‎importance ‎of ‎prompt‏ ‎remediation‏ ‎to ‎protect‏ ‎against ‎potential‏ ‎data ‎breaches ‎and ‎network ‎compromises.

Vulnerability‏ ‎Description

📌CVE-2024-24919‏ ‎is ‎an‏ ‎information ‎disclosure‏ ‎vulnerability ‎that ‎allows ‎an ‎unauthenticated‏ ‎remote‏ ‎attacker‏ ‎to ‎read‏ ‎the ‎contents‏ ‎of ‎arbitrary‏ ‎files‏ ‎on ‎the‏ ‎affected ‎appliance.

📌It ‎is ‎categorized ‎as‏ ‎an ‎«Exposure‏ ‎of‏ ‎Sensitive ‎Information ‎to‏ ‎an ‎Unauthorized‏ ‎Actor» ‎vulnerability.

📌The ‎vulnerability ‎affects‏ ‎systems‏ ‎with ‎the‏ ‎Remote ‎Access‏ ‎VPN ‎or ‎Mobile ‎Access ‎software‏ ‎blades‏ ‎enabled.

Affected ‎Products

📌CloudGuard‏ ‎Network

📌Quantum ‎Maestro

📌Quantum‏ ‎Scalable ‎Chassis

📌Quantum ‎Security ‎Gateways

📌Quantum ‎Spark‏ ‎Appliances

Exploitation‏ ‎Details

📌The‏ ‎vulnerability ‎can‏ ‎be ‎exploited‏ ‎by ‎sending‏ ‎a‏ ‎crafted ‎request‏ ‎to ‎the ‎/clients/MyCRL ‎endpoint, ‎which‏ ‎is ‎designed‏ ‎to‏ ‎serve ‎static ‎files‏ ‎from ‎the‏ ‎filesystem.

📌By ‎including ‎path ‎traversal‏ ‎sequences‏ ‎like ‎././etc/passwd‏ ‎in ‎the‏ ‎request ‎body, ‎an ‎attacker ‎can‏ ‎read‏ ‎sensitive ‎files‏ ‎like ‎/etc/shadow‏ ‎to ‎obtain ‎password ‎hashes.

📌The ‎vulnerability‏ ‎allows‏ ‎reading‏ ‎any ‎file‏ ‎on ‎the‏ ‎system, ‎not‏ ‎just‏ ‎specific ‎files‏ ‎mentioned ‎by ‎the ‎vendor.

Proof-of-Concept ‎(PoC)

📌Security‏ ‎researchers ‎have‏ ‎published‏ ‎a ‎public ‎PoC‏ ‎exploit ‎for‏ ‎CVE-2024-24919, ‎providing ‎technical ‎details‏ ‎on‏ ‎how ‎to‏ ‎exploit ‎the‏ ‎vulnerability.

📌The ‎PoC ‎demonstrates ‎the ‎ability‏ ‎to‏ ‎read ‎arbitrary‏ ‎files, ‎including‏ ‎extracting ‎password ‎hashes ‎and ‎other‏ ‎sensitive‏ ‎information.

Observed‏ ‎Exploitation

📌Check ‎Point‏ ‎has ‎observed‏ ‎active ‎exploitation‏ ‎of‏ ‎this ‎vulnerability‏ ‎in ‎the ‎wild ‎since ‎early‏ ‎April ‎2024.

📌Threat‏ ‎actors‏ ‎have ‎been ‎leveraging‏ ‎the ‎vulnerability‏ ‎to ‎extract ‎password ‎hashes,‏ ‎move‏ ‎laterally ‎within‏ ‎networks, ‎and‏ ‎compromise ‎Active ‎Directory ‎servers ‎by‏ ‎extracting‏ ‎the ‎ntds.dit‏ ‎file.

Understanding ‎the‏ ‎Decompiled ‎Code

Initial ‎Analysis:

📌The ‎vulnerable ‎code‏ ‎performs‏ ‎file‏ ‎I/O ‎operations,‏ ‎indicated ‎by‏ ‎references ‎to‏ ‎functions‏ ‎like ‎_fopen‏ ‎and ‎_fread.

📌The ‎code ‎compares ‎the‏ ‎requested ‎URL‏ ‎with‏ ‎a ‎list ‎of‏ ‎hardcoded ‎strings‏ ‎from ‎a ‎string ‎table‏ ‎to‏ ‎determine ‎if‏ ‎the ‎file‏ ‎can ‎be ‎served.

String ‎Comparison ‎Bug:

📌The‏ ‎code‏ ‎uses ‎the‏ ‎strstr ‎function‏ ‎to ‎check ‎if ‎the ‎requested‏ ‎URL‏ ‎contains‏ ‎any ‎of‏ ‎the ‎strings‏ ‎from ‎the‏ ‎table.‏ ‎This ‎function‏ ‎searches ‎for ‎a ‎substring ‎rather‏ ‎than ‎performing‏ ‎a‏ ‎strict ‎comparison.

📌This ‎allows‏ ‎for ‎potential‏ ‎abuse ‎by ‎including ‎a‏ ‎valid‏ ‎substring ‎within‏ ‎a ‎path‏ ‎traversal ‎sequence, ‎such ‎as ‎http://icsweb.cab/././etc/passwd.

Path‏ ‎Traversal‏ ‎Exploitation:

📌The ‎initial‏ ‎attempts ‎to‏ ‎exploit ‎the ‎path ‎traversal ‎by‏ ‎including‏ ‎sequences‏ ‎like ‎././etc/passwd‏ ‎in ‎the‏ ‎URL ‎failed‏ ‎because‏ ‎the ‎OS‏ ‎correctly ‎identified ‎the ‎path ‎as‏ ‎invalid.

📌A ‎second‏ ‎string‏ ‎table ‎was ‎found,‏ ‎containing ‎entries‏ ‎that ‎suggested ‎directory ‎paths,‏ ‎such‏ ‎as ‎CSHELL/.

Successful‏ ‎Exploitation:

📌By ‎crafting‏ ‎a ‎request ‎that ‎included ‎the‏ ‎directory‏ ‎string ‎CSHELL/‏ ‎followed ‎by‏ ‎a ‎path ‎traversal ‎sequence, ‎the‏ ‎researchers‏ ‎were‏ ‎able ‎to‏ ‎bypass ‎the‏ ‎checks.

📌The ‎successful‏ ‎request‏ ‎was:

POST ‎/clients/MyCRL‏ ‎HTTP/1.1
Host: ‎<redacted>
Content-Length: ‎39
aCSHELL/./././././././etc/shadow

📌This ‎request ‎returned‏ ‎the ‎contents‏ ‎of‏ ‎the ‎/etc/shadow ‎file,‏ ‎confirming ‎an‏ ‎arbitrary ‎file ‎read ‎vulnerability.

Implications:

📌The‏ ‎ability‏ ‎to ‎read‏ ‎the ‎/etc/shadow‏ ‎file ‎indicates ‎that ‎the ‎attacker‏ ‎has‏ ‎superuser ‎privileges,‏ ‎allowing ‎them‏ ‎to ‎read ‎any ‎file ‎on‏ ‎the‏ ‎filesystem.

📌This‏ ‎is ‎more‏ ‎severe ‎than‏ ‎the ‎vendor’s‏ ‎advisory,‏ ‎which ‎suggested‏ ‎limited ‎information ‎exposure.


Читать: 5+ мин
logo Overkill Security

Oops, We Did It Again. CVE-2024-21111 Strikes


This ‎document‏ ‎dives ‎into ‎the ‎thrilling ‎world‏ ‎of ‎CVE-2024-21111,‏ ‎a‏ ‎delightful ‎vulnerability ‎in‏ ‎Oracle ‎VM‏ ‎VirtualBox ‎that ‎just ‎loves‏ ‎to‏ ‎wreak ‎havoc‏ ‎on ‎Windows‏ ‎hosts. ‎We’ll ‎be ‎dissecting ‎this‏ ‎gem‏ ‎from ‎every‏ ‎possible ‎angle,‏ ‎because ‎who ‎doesn’t ‎love ‎a‏ ‎good‏ ‎security‏ ‎nightmare?

This ‎document‏ ‎provides ‎a‏ ‎top-notch ‎summary‏ ‎of‏ ‎the ‎vulnerability,‏ ‎offering ‎insights ‎for ‎security ‎professionals‏ ‎and ‎other‏ ‎stakeholders‏ ‎who ‎just ‎can’t‏ ‎get ‎enough‏ ‎of ‎dealing ‎with ‎these‏ ‎kinds‏ ‎of ‎issues.‏ ‎The ‎analysis‏ ‎is ‎a ‎must-read ‎for ‎anyone‏ ‎who‏ ‎enjoys ‎understanding‏ ‎the ‎risks‏ ‎associated ‎with ‎CVE-2024-21111 ‎and ‎implementing‏ ‎measures‏ ‎to‏ ‎prevent ‎their‏ ‎systems ‎from‏ ‎becoming ‎the‏ ‎next‏ ‎victim. ‎Enjoy!

----

This‏ ‎document ‎provides ‎a ‎comprehensive ‎analysis‏ ‎of ‎CVE-2024-21111,‏ ‎a‏ ‎critical ‎vulnerability ‎in‏ ‎Oracle ‎VM‏ ‎VirtualBox ‎affecting ‎Windows ‎hosts.‏ ‎The‏ ‎analysis ‎will‏ ‎cover ‎various‏ ‎aspects ‎of ‎the ‎vulnerability, ‎including‏ ‎its‏ ‎technical ‎details,‏ ‎exploitation ‎mechanisms,‏ ‎potential ‎impacts ‎on ‎different ‎industries.

This‏ ‎document‏ ‎provides‏ ‎a ‎high-quality‏ ‎summary ‎of‏ ‎the ‎vulnerability,‏ ‎offering‏ ‎valuable ‎insights‏ ‎for ‎security ‎professionals ‎and ‎other‏ ‎stakeholders ‎across‏ ‎various‏ ‎industries. ‎The ‎analysis‏ ‎is ‎beneficial‏ ‎for ‎understanding ‎the ‎risks‏ ‎associated‏ ‎with ‎CVE-2024-21111‏ ‎and ‎implementing‏ ‎effective ‎measures ‎to ‎safeguard ‎systems‏ ‎against‏ ‎potential ‎attacks.

CVE-2024-21111‏ ‎is ‎a‏ ‎significant ‎security ‎vulnerability ‎identified ‎in‏ ‎Oracle‏ ‎VM‏ ‎VirtualBox, ‎specifically‏ ‎affecting ‎Windows‏ ‎hosts. ‎This‏ ‎vulnerability‏ ‎is ‎present‏ ‎in ‎versions ‎of ‎VirtualBox ‎prior‏ ‎to ‎7.0.16.‏ ‎It‏ ‎allows ‎a ‎low‏ ‎privileged ‎attacker‏ ‎with ‎logon ‎access ‎to‏ ‎the‏ ‎infrastructure ‎where‏ ‎Oracle ‎VM‏ ‎VirtualBox ‎is ‎executed ‎to ‎potentially‏ ‎take‏ ‎over ‎the‏ ‎system

An ‎attacker‏ ‎exploiting ‎this ‎vulnerability ‎could ‎achieve‏ ‎unauthorized‏ ‎control‏ ‎over ‎the‏ ‎affected ‎Oracle‏ ‎VM ‎VirtualBox.‏ ‎The‏ ‎specific ‎technical‏ ‎mechanism ‎involves ‎local ‎privilege ‎escalation‏ ‎through ‎symbolic‏ ‎link‏ ‎following, ‎which ‎can‏ ‎lead ‎to‏ ‎arbitrary ‎file ‎deletion ‎and‏ ‎movement.


📌 Vulnerability‏ ‎Type: ‎Local‏ ‎Privilege ‎Escalation‏ ‎(LPE) ‎allows ‎a ‎low ‎privileged‏ ‎attacker‏ ‎who ‎already‏ ‎has ‎access‏ ‎to ‎the ‎system ‎to ‎gain‏ ‎higher‏ ‎privileges.

📌 Attack‏ ‎Vector ‎and‏ ‎Complexity: ‎The‏ ‎CVSS ‎3.1‏ ‎vector‏ ‎(CVSS: ‎3.1/AV:‏ ‎L/AC: ‎L/PR: ‎L/UI: ‎N/S: ‎U/C:‏ ‎H/I: ‎H/A:‏ ‎H)‏ ‎indicates ‎that ‎the‏ ‎attack ‎vector‏ ‎is ‎local ‎(AV: ‎L),‏ ‎meaning‏ ‎the ‎attacker‏ ‎needs ‎local‏ ‎access ‎to ‎the ‎host. ‎The‏ ‎attack‏ ‎complexity ‎is‏ ‎low ‎(AC:‏ ‎L), ‎and ‎no ‎user ‎interaction‏ ‎(UI:‏ ‎N)‏ ‎is ‎required.‏ ‎The ‎privileges‏ ‎required ‎are‏ ‎low‏ ‎(PR: ‎L),‏ ‎suggesting ‎that ‎an ‎attacker ‎with‏ ‎basic ‎user‏ ‎privileges‏ ‎can ‎exploit ‎this‏ ‎vulnerability.

📌 Impact: The ‎impacts‏ ‎on ‎confidentiality, ‎integrity, ‎and‏ ‎availability‏ ‎are ‎all‏ ‎rated ‎high‏ ‎(C: ‎H/I: ‎H/A: ‎H), ‎indicating‏ ‎that‏ ‎an ‎exploit‏ ‎could ‎lead‏ ‎to ‎a ‎complete ‎compromise ‎of‏ ‎the‏ ‎affected‏ ‎system’s ‎confidentiality,‏ ‎integrity, ‎and‏ ‎availability.

📌 Exploitation ‎Method: The‏ ‎vulnerability‏ ‎can ‎be‏ ‎exploited ‎through ‎symbolic ‎link ‎(symlink)‏ ‎attacks. ‎This‏ ‎involves‏ ‎manipulating ‎symbolic ‎links‏ ‎to ‎redirect‏ ‎operations ‎intended ‎for ‎legitimate‏ ‎files‏ ‎or ‎directories‏ ‎to ‎other‏ ‎targets, ‎which ‎the ‎attacker ‎controls.‏ ‎This‏ ‎can ‎lead‏ ‎to ‎arbitrary‏ ‎file ‎deletion ‎or ‎movement, ‎potentially‏ ‎allowing‏ ‎the‏ ‎attacker ‎to‏ ‎execute ‎arbitrary‏ ‎code ‎with‏ ‎elevated‏ ‎privileges.

📌 Specific ‎Mechanism: The‏ ‎vulnerability ‎specifically ‎involves ‎the ‎manipulation‏ ‎of ‎log‏ ‎files‏ ‎by ‎the ‎VirtualBox‏ ‎system ‎service‏ ‎(VboxSDS). ‎The ‎service, ‎which‏ ‎runs‏ ‎with ‎SYSTEM‏ ‎privileges, ‎manages‏ ‎log ‎files ‎in ‎a ‎directory‏ ‎that‏ ‎does ‎not‏ ‎have ‎strict‏ ‎access ‎controls. ‎This ‎allows ‎a‏ ‎low‏ ‎privileged‏ ‎user ‎to‏ ‎manipulate ‎these‏ ‎files, ‎potentially‏ ‎leading‏ ‎to ‎privilege‏ ‎escalation. ‎The ‎service ‎performs ‎file‏ ‎rename/move ‎operations‏ ‎recursively,‏ ‎and ‎if ‎manipulated‏ ‎correctly, ‎this‏ ‎behavior ‎can ‎be ‎abused‏ ‎to‏ ‎perform ‎unauthorized‏ ‎actions.

📌 Mitigation: Users ‎are‏ ‎advised ‎to ‎update ‎their ‎VirtualBox‏ ‎to‏ ‎version ‎7.0.16‏ ‎or ‎later,‏ ‎which ‎contains ‎the ‎necessary ‎patches‏ ‎to‏ ‎mitigate‏ ‎this ‎vulnerability






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TP-Link TDDP Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

The ‎article provides‏ ‎a ‎detailed ‎analysis ‎of ‎a‏ ‎specific ‎vulnerability‏ ‎in‏ ‎TP-Link ‎devices ‎that‏ ‎was ‎reported‏ ‎in ‎2020 ‎but ‎did‏ ‎not‏ ‎receive ‎a‏ ‎CVE ‎assignment.

Causes‏ ‎of ‎the ‎TP-Link ‎TDDP ‎Buffer‏ ‎Overflow‏ ‎Vulnerability

The ‎TP-Link‏ ‎TDDP ‎(TP-LINK‏ ‎Device ‎Debug ‎Protocol) ‎buffer ‎overflow‏ ‎vulnerability‏ ‎primarily‏ ‎stems ‎from‏ ‎the ‎protocol’s‏ ‎handling ‎of‏ ‎UDP‏ ‎packets. ‎TDDP,‏ ‎a ‎binary ‎protocol ‎used ‎for‏ ‎debugging ‎purposes,‏ ‎processes‏ ‎packets ‎through ‎a‏ ‎single ‎UDP‏ ‎packet, ‎which ‎is ‎prone‏ ‎to‏ ‎security ‎risks‏ ‎if ‎not‏ ‎properly ‎handled. ‎The ‎specific ‎cause‏ ‎of‏ ‎the ‎buffer‏ ‎overflow ‎is‏ ‎the ‎lack ‎of ‎proper ‎verification‏ ‎of‏ ‎data‏ ‎length ‎during‏ ‎the ‎parsing‏ ‎of ‎these‏ ‎UDP‏ ‎packets. ‎This‏ ‎oversight ‎allows ‎for ‎memory ‎overflow,‏ ‎which ‎corrupts‏ ‎the‏ ‎memory ‎structure ‎of‏ ‎the ‎device

Impacts‏ ‎of ‎the ‎Vulnerability

The ‎primary‏ ‎impact‏ ‎of ‎the‏ ‎TP-Link ‎TDDP‏ ‎buffer ‎overflow ‎vulnerability ‎is ‎a‏ ‎denial‏ ‎of ‎service‏ ‎(DoS). ‎This‏ ‎occurs ‎when ‎the ‎overflow ‎corrupts‏ ‎the‏ ‎memory‏ ‎structure, ‎causing‏ ‎the ‎device‏ ‎to ‎crash‏ ‎or‏ ‎become ‎unresponsive.‏ ‎Additionally, ‎there ‎is ‎a ‎potential‏ ‎for ‎remote‏ ‎code‏ ‎execution, ‎which ‎could‏ ‎allow ‎an‏ ‎attacker ‎to ‎execute ‎arbitrary‏ ‎code‏ ‎on ‎the‏ ‎device. ‎This‏ ‎could ‎lead ‎to ‎unauthorized ‎access‏ ‎to‏ ‎the ‎network,‏ ‎data ‎theft,‏ ‎or ‎further ‎exploitation ‎of ‎network‏ ‎resources

Exploitation‏ ‎Techniques

Exploitation‏ ‎of ‎the‏ ‎TP-Link ‎TDDP‏ ‎buffer ‎overflow‏ ‎vulnerability‏ ‎involves ‎sending‏ ‎crafted ‎UDP ‎packets ‎that ‎exceed‏ ‎the ‎buffer‏ ‎limits‏ ‎set ‎by ‎the‏ ‎protocol. ‎This‏ ‎can ‎be ‎achieved ‎by‏ ‎manipulating‏ ‎the ‎packet’s‏ ‎data ‎length‏ ‎to ‎be ‎longer ‎than ‎what‏ ‎the‏ ‎buffer ‎can‏ ‎handle, ‎leading‏ ‎to ‎overflow. ‎Tools ‎like ‎Shambles‏ ‎can‏ ‎be‏ ‎used ‎to‏ ‎identify, ‎reverse,‏ ‎emulate, ‎and‏ ‎validate‏ ‎such ‎buffer‏ ‎overflow ‎conditions. ‎Successful ‎exploitation ‎could‏ ‎allow ‎attackers‏ ‎to‏ ‎cause ‎a ‎denial‏ ‎of ‎service‏ ‎or ‎potentially ‎execute ‎arbitrary‏ ‎code‏ ‎on ‎the‏ ‎device

Mitigation ‎Strategies

📌Firmware‏ ‎Updates: Regularly ‎updating ‎the ‎firmware ‎of‏ ‎TP-Link‏ ‎devices ‎to‏ ‎the ‎latest‏ ‎version ‎can ‎help ‎patch ‎vulnerabilities‏ ‎and‏ ‎improve‏ ‎security.

📌Network ‎Segmentation: Placing‏ ‎critical ‎devices‏ ‎on ‎separate‏ ‎network‏ ‎segments ‎can‏ ‎limit ‎the ‎spread ‎of ‎potential‏ ‎attacks.

📌Firewall ‎Rules: Configuring‏ ‎firewalls‏ ‎to ‎restrict ‎incoming‏ ‎traffic ‎on‏ ‎UDP ‎port ‎1040, ‎which‏ ‎is‏ ‎used ‎by‏ ‎TDDP, ‎can‏ ‎prevent ‎unauthorized ‎access.

📌Vulnerability ‎Scanners: ‎Using‏ ‎security‏ ‎tools ‎to‏ ‎regularly ‎scan‏ ‎for ‎vulnerabilities ‎can ‎help ‎identify‏ ‎and‏ ‎mitigate‏ ‎them ‎before‏ ‎they ‎are‏ ‎exploited

Overview ‎of‏ ‎TDDP

📌TP-Link‏ ‎Device ‎Debug‏ ‎Protocol ‎(TDDP): ‎A ‎binary ‎protocol‏ ‎used ‎primarily‏ ‎for‏ ‎debugging ‎purposes ‎that‏ ‎operates ‎through‏ ‎a ‎single ‎UDP ‎packet.‏ ‎This‏ ‎protocol ‎is‏ ‎documented ‎in‏ ‎patent ‎CN102096654A.

📌Packet ‎Structure: The ‎TDDP ‎packet‏ ‎includes‏ ‎fields ‎such‏ ‎as ‎Version,‏ ‎Type, ‎Code, ‎ReplyInfo, ‎PktLength, ‎PktID,‏ ‎SubType,‏ ‎Reserve,‏ ‎and ‎MD5‏ ‎Digest, ‎which‏ ‎are ‎crucial‏ ‎for‏ ‎the ‎protocol’s‏ ‎operation.

Vulnerability ‎Analysis ‎/ ‎Function ‎Analysis:

📌tddpEntry‏ ‎(sub_4045f8 ‎0×004045F8):‏ ‎This‏ ‎function ‎continuously ‎checks‏ ‎for ‎incoming‏ ‎data ‎using ‎the ‎recvfrom‏ ‎function‏ ‎and ‎passes‏ ‎the ‎data‏ ‎to ‎TddpPktInterfaceFunction ‎without ‎validating ‎the‏ ‎received‏ ‎data ‎size.

📌GetTddpMaxPktBuff‏ ‎(sub_4042d0 ‎0×004042D0):‏ ‎Returns ‎a ‎buffer ‎size ‎of‏ ‎0×14000.

📌tddp_versionTwoOpt‏ ‎(sub_404b40‏ ‎0×00405990) ‎and‏ ‎tddp_deCode ‎(sub_404fa4‏ ‎0×00405014): ‎Functions‏ ‎involved‏ ‎in ‎processing‏ ‎and ‎decoding ‎the ‎TDDP ‎packet.‏ ‎They ‎handle‏ ‎data‏ ‎decryption ‎using ‎DES‏ ‎and ‎verify‏ ‎the ‎integrity ‎of ‎the‏ ‎decrypted‏ ‎data.

Exploitation ‎Mechanism

📌Buffer‏ ‎Overflow ‎Trigger:‏ ‎The ‎vulnerability ‎is ‎triggered ‎when‏ ‎the‏ ‎packet ‎length‏ ‎specified ‎in‏ ‎the ‎TDDP ‎packet ‎exceeds ‎the‏ ‎buffer‏ ‎size‏ ‎(0×14000), ‎leading‏ ‎to ‎a‏ ‎buffer ‎overflow.

📌Decryption‏ ‎and‏ ‎MD5 ‎Verification: The‏ ‎des_min_do ‎function ‎is ‎used ‎for‏ ‎decryption, ‎and‏ ‎the‏ ‎MD5 ‎digest ‎of‏ ‎the ‎packet‏ ‎is ‎verified ‎against ‎the‏ ‎MD5‏ ‎digest ‎of‏ ‎the ‎data.‏ ‎If ‎the ‎packet ‎length ‎is‏ ‎manipulated‏ ‎to ‎exceed‏ ‎the ‎buffer‏ ‎size, ‎it ‎leads ‎to ‎memory‏ ‎corruption‏ ‎and‏ ‎a ‎denial‏ ‎of ‎service‏ ‎(DoS).

Proof ‎of‏ ‎Concept‏ ‎(PoC)

📌Setup: ‎The‏ ‎PoC ‎involves ‎setting ‎up ‎a‏ ‎virtual ‎machine‏ ‎(VM)‏ ‎with ‎the ‎firmware‏ ‎and ‎running‏ ‎the ‎tddpd ‎service.

📌Exploit ‎Code:‏ ‎The‏ ‎document ‎includes‏ ‎Python ‎code‏ ‎that ‎crafts ‎a ‎TDDP ‎packet‏ ‎with‏ ‎specific ‎fields‏ ‎manipulated ‎to‏ ‎trigger ‎the ‎buffer ‎overflow.

📌Result: ‎Executing‏ ‎the‏ ‎PoC‏ ‎results ‎in‏ ‎the ‎tddpd‏ ‎program ‎crashing,‏ ‎confirming‏ ‎the ‎vulnerability.

Conclusion

📌Impact:‏ ‎The ‎vulnerability ‎leads ‎to ‎a‏ ‎denial ‎of‏ ‎service‏ ‎and ‎potentially ‎allows‏ ‎for ‎remote‏ ‎code ‎execution ‎if ‎further‏ ‎exploited.

📌Recommendations:‏ ‎Regular ‎updates‏ ‎and ‎patches,‏ ‎network ‎segmentation, ‎and ‎proper ‎validation‏ ‎of‏ ‎incoming ‎data‏ ‎are ‎recommended‏ ‎to ‎mitigate ‎such ‎vulnerabilities.

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UserManagerEoP / CVE-2024-21447

The ‎UserManager‏ ‎EoP ‎exploit ‎by ‎Wh04m1001 targets ‎a‏ ‎vulnerability ‎identified‏ ‎as‏ ‎CVE-2023-36047, ‎which ‎was‏ ‎later ‎tracked‏ ‎as ‎CVE-2024-21447 ‎after ‎additional‏ ‎fixes‏ ‎by ‎Microsoft.

UserManager‏ ‎EoP ‎Exploit

📌Vulnerability‏ ‎Discovery: The ‎exploit ‎was ‎discovered ‎by‏ ‎the‏ ‎repository ‎owner‏ ‎last ‎year‏ ‎and ‎affects ‎the ‎UserManager ‎service‏ ‎in‏ ‎Windows.

📌Nature‏ ‎of ‎Vulnerability: The‏ ‎flaw ‎involves‏ ‎the ‎UserManager‏ ‎service‏ ‎improperly ‎copying‏ ‎files ‎from ‎a ‎directory ‎that‏ ‎can ‎be‏ ‎controlled‏ ‎by ‎a ‎user,‏ ‎leading ‎to‏ ‎an ‎elevation ‎of ‎privilege‏ ‎(EoP).

📌Partial‏ ‎Fix ‎and‏ ‎Re-exploitation: Initially, ‎Microsoft‏ ‎addressed ‎only ‎the ‎write ‎aspect‏ ‎of‏ ‎the ‎file‏ ‎copy ‎operation.‏ ‎However, ‎the ‎read ‎operation ‎continued‏ ‎to‏ ‎be‏ ‎executed ‎with‏ ‎NT ‎AUTHORITY\SYSTEM‏ ‎privileges, ‎which‏ ‎was‏ ‎not ‎secured‏ ‎in ‎the ‎first ‎patch.

📌Exploit ‎Mechanism:‏ ‎The ‎exploit‏ ‎takes‏ ‎advantage ‎of ‎the‏ ‎unsecured ‎read‏ ‎operation ‎to ‎access ‎critical‏ ‎system‏ ‎files ‎like‏ ‎SAM, ‎SYSTEM,‏ ‎and ‎SECURITY ‎hives ‎from ‎a‏ ‎shadow‏ ‎copy.

📌Final ‎Resolution:‏ ‎The ‎vulnerability‏ ‎was ‎fully ‎addressed ‎by ‎Microsoft‏ ‎recently‏ ‎and‏ ‎is ‎now‏ ‎cataloged ‎under‏ ‎a ‎new‏ ‎identifier,‏ ‎CVE-2024-21447.

Code ‎Analysis

The‏ ‎GitHub ‎repository ‎contains ‎exploit ‎code‏ ‎that ‎demonstrates‏ ‎how‏ ‎to ‎manipulate ‎the‏ ‎UserManager ‎service’s‏ ‎file ‎handling ‎to ‎escalate‏ ‎privileges.

📌Identifying‏ ‎Vulnerable ‎Operations: Code‏ ‎to ‎identify‏ ‎and ‎target ‎the ‎specific ‎vulnerable‏ ‎read‏ ‎operation ‎performed‏ ‎by ‎the‏ ‎UserManager.

📌Exploiting ‎the ‎Flaw: Scripts ‎or ‎commands‏ ‎that‏ ‎manipulate‏ ‎the ‎file‏ ‎operations ‎to‏ ‎redirect ‎or‏ ‎access‏ ‎unauthorized ‎data.

📌Leveraging‏ ‎System ‎Privileges: Utilizing ‎the ‎elevated ‎privileges‏ ‎gained ‎from‏ ‎the‏ ‎exploit ‎to ‎perform‏ ‎unauthorized ‎actions,‏ ‎such ‎as ‎accessing ‎or‏ ‎modifying‏ ‎system ‎files‏ ‎and ‎settings.

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PulseVPN Vulnerability / CVE-2023-38043, CVE-2023-35080, CVE-2023-38543

PureVPN ‎presents‏ ‎itself ‎as ‎a ‎beacon ‎of‏ ‎online ‎privacy‏ ‎and‏ ‎security ‎in ‎the‏ ‎vast ‎and‏ ‎murky ‎waters ‎of ‎the‏ ‎internet.

In‏ ‎the ‎grand‏ ‎tradition ‎of‏ ‎«security ‎first», ‎we ‎find ‎ourselves‏ ‎marveling‏ ‎at ‎the‏ ‎latest ‎contributions‏ ‎to ‎the ‎cybersecurity ‎hall ‎of‏ ‎fame:‏ ‎CVE-2023-38043,‏ ‎CVE-2023-35080, ‎and‏ ‎CVE-2023-38543. ‎These‏ ‎vulnerabilities, ‎discovered‏ ‎in‏ ‎the ‎Avanti‏ ‎Secure ‎Access ‎Client, ‎previously ‎known‏ ‎as ‎Pulse‏ ‎Secure‏ ‎VPN, ‎have ‎opened‏ ‎up ‎a‏ ‎new ‎chapter ‎in ‎the‏ ‎saga‏ ‎of ‎«How‏ ‎Not ‎To‏ ‎VPN».

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This ‎document ‎presents ‎a ‎analysis‏ ‎of‏ ‎the ‎vulnerabilities‏ ‎identified ‎in‏ ‎Ivanti ‎Secure ‎Access ‎VPN ‎(Pulse‏ ‎Secure‏ ‎VPN)‏ ‎with ‎their‏ ‎potential ‎impact‏ ‎on ‎organizations‏ ‎that‏ ‎rely ‎on‏ ‎this ‎VPN. ‎The ‎analysis ‎delves‏ ‎into ‎various‏ ‎aspects‏ ‎of ‎these ‎vulnerabilities,‏ ‎including ‎their‏ ‎exploitation ‎methods, ‎potential ‎impacts,‏ ‎and‏ ‎the ‎challenges‏ ‎encountered ‎during‏ ‎the ‎exploitation ‎process.

The ‎document ‎provides‏ ‎a‏ ‎qualitative ‎summary‏ ‎of ‎the‏ ‎analyzed ‎vulnerabilities, ‎offering ‎valuable ‎insights‏ ‎for‏ ‎cybersecurity‏ ‎professionals, ‎IT‏ ‎administrators, ‎and‏ ‎other ‎stakeholders‏ ‎in‏ ‎various ‎industries.‏ ‎By ‎understanding ‎the ‎technical ‎nuances,‏ ‎exploitation ‎methods,‏ ‎and‏ ‎mitigation ‎strategies, ‎readers‏ ‎can ‎enhance‏ ‎their ‎organizational ‎security ‎posture‏ ‎against‏ ‎similar ‎threats.

This‏ ‎analysis ‎is‏ ‎particularly ‎beneficial ‎for ‎security ‎professionals‏ ‎seeking‏ ‎to ‎understand‏ ‎the ‎intricacies‏ ‎of ‎VPN ‎vulnerabilities ‎and ‎their‏ ‎implications‏ ‎for‏ ‎enterprise ‎security.‏ ‎It ‎also‏ ‎serves ‎as‏ ‎a‏ ‎resource ‎for‏ ‎IT ‎administrators ‎responsible ‎for ‎maintaining‏ ‎secure ‎VPN‏ ‎configurations‏ ‎and ‎for ‎industry‏ ‎stakeholders ‎interested‏ ‎in ‎the ‎broader ‎implications‏ ‎of‏ ‎such ‎vulnerabilities‏ ‎on ‎digital‏ ‎security ‎and ‎compliance.


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Atlassian Vulnerability / CVE-2023-22518

What ‎a‏ ‎joyous ‎day ‎it ‎was ‎on‏ ‎October ‎31,‏ ‎2023,‏ ‎when ‎Atlassian ‎graciously‏ ‎informed ‎the‏ ‎world ‎about ‎CVE-2023-22518, ‎a‏ ‎delightful‏ ‎little ‎quirk‏ ‎in ‎all‏ ‎versions ‎of ‎Confluence ‎Data ‎Center‏ ‎and‏ ‎Server. ‎This‏ ‎minor ‎hiccup,‏ ‎a ‎mere ‎improper ‎authorization ‎vulnerability,‏ ‎offers‏ ‎the‏ ‎thrilling ‎possibility‏ ‎for ‎any‏ ‎unauthenticated ‎stranger‏ ‎to‏ ‎waltz ‎in,‏ ‎reset ‎Confluence, ‎and ‎maybe, ‎just‏ ‎maybe, ‎take‏ ‎the‏ ‎whole ‎system ‎under‏ ‎their ‎benevolent‏ ‎control. ‎Initially, ‎this ‎was‏ ‎given‏ ‎a ‎modest‏ ‎CVSS ‎score‏ ‎of ‎9.1, ‎but ‎because ‎we‏ ‎all‏ ‎love ‎a‏ ‎bit ‎of‏ ‎drama, ‎it ‎was ‎cranked ‎up‏ ‎to‏ ‎a‏ ‎perfect ‎10,‏ ‎thanks ‎to‏ ‎some ‎lively‏ ‎exploits‏ ‎and ‎a‏ ‎charming ‎group ‎of ‎enthusiasts ‎known‏ ‎as ‎'Storm-0062'.

In‏ ‎a‏ ‎heroic ‎response, ‎Atlassian‏ ‎released ‎not‏ ‎one, ‎but ‎five ‎shiny‏ ‎new‏ ‎versions ‎of‏ ‎Confluence ‎(7.19.16,‏ ‎8.3.4, ‎8.4.4, ‎8.5.3, ‎and ‎8.6.1)‏ ‎to‏ ‎put ‎a‏ ‎dampener ‎on‏ ‎the ‎festivities. ‎They’ve ‎kindly ‎suggested‏ ‎that‏ ‎perhaps,‏ ‎just ‎maybe,‏ ‎organizations ‎might‏ ‎want ‎to‏ ‎consider‏ ‎updating ‎to‏ ‎these ‎less ‎fun ‎versions ‎to‏ ‎avoid ‎any‏ ‎uninvited‏ ‎guests. ‎And, ‎in‏ ‎a ‎stroke‏ ‎of ‎genius, ‎they ‎recommend‏ ‎playing‏ ‎hard ‎to‏ ‎get ‎by‏ ‎restricting ‎external ‎access ‎to ‎Confluence‏ ‎servers‏ ‎until ‎such‏ ‎updates ‎can‏ ‎be ‎applied. ‎Cloud ‎users, ‎you‏ ‎can‏ ‎sit‏ ‎back ‎and‏ ‎relax; ‎this‏ ‎party ‎is‏ ‎strictly‏ ‎on-premise.

This ‎whole‏ ‎saga ‎really ‎highlights ‎the ‎thrill‏ ‎of ‎living‏ ‎on‏ ‎the ‎edge ‎in‏ ‎the ‎digital‏ ‎world, ‎reminding ‎us ‎all‏ ‎of‏ ‎the ‎sheer‏ ‎excitement ‎that‏ ‎comes ‎with ‎the ‎need ‎for‏ ‎timely‏ ‎patching ‎and‏ ‎robust ‎security‏ ‎measures.

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This ‎document ‎presents ‎a ‎analysis‏ ‎of‏ ‎CVE-2023-22518,‏ ‎an ‎improper‏ ‎authorization ‎vulnerability‏ ‎in ‎Atlassian‏ ‎Confluence‏ ‎Data ‎Center‏ ‎and ‎Server. ‎The ‎analysis ‎will‏ ‎cover ‎various‏ ‎aspects‏ ‎of ‎the ‎vulnerability,‏ ‎including ‎its‏ ‎discovery, ‎impact, ‎exploitation ‎methods,‏ ‎and‏ ‎mitigation ‎strategies.

Security‏ ‎professionals ‎will‏ ‎find ‎the ‎analysis ‎particularly ‎useful‏ ‎as‏ ‎it ‎offers‏ ‎actionable ‎intelligence,‏ ‎including ‎indicators ‎of ‎compromise ‎and‏ ‎detailed‏ ‎mitigation‏ ‎steps. ‎By‏ ‎understanding ‎the‏ ‎root ‎causes,‏ ‎exploitation‏ ‎methods, ‎and‏ ‎effective ‎countermeasures, ‎security ‎experts ‎can‏ ‎better ‎protect‏ ‎their‏ ‎organizations ‎from ‎similar‏ ‎threats ‎in‏ ‎the ‎future.


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Left Over Locals

In ‎a‏ ‎twist ‎of ‎snarky ‎irony, ‎the‏ ‎very ‎technology‏ ‎that‏ ‎powers ‎our ‎AI‏ ‎and ‎machine‏ ‎learning ‎models ‎is ‎now‏ ‎the‏ ‎target ‎of‏ ‎a ‎new‏ ‎vulnerability, ‎dubbed ‎«LeftoverLocals». ‎Disclosed ‎by‏ ‎Trail‏ ‎of ‎Bits,‏ ‎this ‎security‏ ‎flaw ‎allows ‎the ‎recovery ‎of‏ ‎data‏ ‎from‏ ‎GPU ‎local‏ ‎memory ‎created‏ ‎by ‎another‏ ‎process,‏ ‎affecting ‎Apple,‏ ‎Qualcomm, ‎AMD, ‎and ‎Imagination ‎GPUs

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In‏ ‎this ‎document,‏ ‎we‏ ‎provide ‎a ‎detailed‏ ‎analysis ‎of‏ ‎the ‎«LeftoverLocals» ‎CVE-2023-4969 ‎vulnerability,‏ ‎which‏ ‎has ‎significant‏ ‎implications ‎for‏ ‎the ‎integrity ‎of ‎GPU ‎applications,‏ ‎particularly‏ ‎for ‎large‏ ‎language ‎models‏ ‎(LLMs) ‎and ‎machine ‎learning ‎(ML)‏ ‎models‏ ‎executed‏ ‎on ‎affected‏ ‎GPU ‎platforms,‏ ‎including ‎those‏ ‎from‏ ‎Apple, ‎Qualcomm,‏ ‎AMD, ‎and ‎Imagination.

This ‎document ‎provides‏ ‎valuable ‎insights‏ ‎for‏ ‎cybersecurity ‎professionals, ‎DevOps‏ ‎teams, ‎IT‏ ‎specialists, ‎and ‎stakeholders ‎in‏ ‎various‏ ‎industries. ‎The‏ ‎analysis ‎is‏ ‎designed ‎to ‎enhance ‎the ‎understanding‏ ‎of‏ ‎GPU ‎security‏ ‎challenges ‎and‏ ‎to ‎assist ‎in ‎the ‎development‏ ‎of‏ ‎effective‏ ‎strategies ‎to‏ ‎safeguard ‎sensitive‏ ‎data ‎against‏ ‎similar‏ ‎threats ‎in‏ ‎the ‎future.


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Vulnerabilities in LG’s WebOS / LG SmartTV

Security ‎researchers‏ ‎from ‎Bitdefender ‎have ‎identified ‎multiple‏ ‎vulnerabilities ‎in‏ ‎LG’s‏ ‎WebOS, ‎affecting ‎various‏ ‎models ‎of‏ ‎the ‎company’s ‎smart ‎TVs.‏ ‎These‏ ‎vulnerabilities, ‎if‏ ‎exploited, ‎could‏ ‎allow ‎attackers ‎to ‎gain ‎unauthorized‏ ‎root‏ ‎access ‎to‏ ‎the ‎devices.

Affected‏ ‎Versions ‎and ‎Models:

📌The ‎vulnerabilities ‎impact‏ ‎LG‏ ‎TVs‏ ‎running ‎WebOS‏ ‎versions ‎4.9.7‏ ‎to ‎7.3.1‏ ‎across‏ ‎models ‎such‏ ‎as ‎LG43UM7000PLA, ‎OLED55CXPUA, ‎OLED48C1PUB, ‎and‏ ‎OLED55A23LA

Specific ‎Vulnerabilities:

📌CVE-2023-6317:‏ ‎Allows‏ ‎attackers ‎to ‎bypass‏ ‎PIN ‎verification‏ ‎and ‎add ‎a ‎privileged‏ ‎user‏ ‎profile ‎without‏ ‎user ‎interaction

📌CVE-2023-6318:‏ ‎Enables ‎attackers ‎to ‎elevate ‎their‏ ‎privileges‏ ‎and ‎gain‏ ‎root ‎access

📌CVE-2023-6319: Permits‏ ‎operating ‎system ‎command ‎injection ‎by‏ ‎manipulating‏ ‎a‏ ‎library ‎for‏ ‎displaying ‎music‏ ‎lyrics

📌CVE-2023-6320: Allows ‎for‏ ‎the‏ ‎injection ‎of‏ ‎authenticated ‎commands ‎by ‎exploiting ‎the‏ ‎com.webos.service.connectionmanager/tv/setVlanStaticAddress ‎API‏ ‎endpoint

Discovery‏ ‎and ‎Reporting:

📌These ‎vulnerabilities‏ ‎were ‎discovered‏ ‎by ‎Bitdefender ‎in ‎November‏ ‎2023‏ ‎and ‎reported‏ ‎to ‎LG,‏ ‎which ‎subsequently ‎released ‎patches ‎on‏ ‎March‏ ‎22, ‎2024

Scope‏ ‎of ‎Impact:

📌Over‏ ‎91,000 ‎devices ‎have ‎been ‎identified‏ ‎as‏ ‎potentially‏ ‎vulnerable. ‎These‏ ‎devices ‎are‏ ‎primarily ‎located‏ ‎in‏ ‎South ‎Korea,‏ ‎Hong ‎Kong, ‎the ‎US, ‎Sweden,‏ ‎and ‎Finland

Mitigation‏ ‎and‏ ‎User ‎Action:

📌LG ‎has‏ ‎released ‎patches‏ ‎for ‎these ‎vulnerabilities, ‎which‏ ‎are‏ ‎available ‎through‏ ‎the ‎TV’s‏ ‎settings ‎menu ‎under ‎Software ‎Update

📌Users‏ ‎are‏ ‎advised ‎to‏ ‎enable ‎automatic‏ ‎software ‎updates ‎to ‎ensure ‎their‏ ‎devices‏ ‎receive‏ ‎the ‎latest‏ ‎security ‎patches

Potential‏ ‎Risks:

📌If ‎exploited,‏ ‎these‏ ‎vulnerabilities ‎could‏ ‎allow ‎attackers ‎to ‎take ‎control‏ ‎of ‎the‏ ‎TV,‏ ‎access ‎sensitive ‎user‏ ‎data, ‎and‏ ‎potentially ‎use ‎the ‎compromised‏ ‎device‏ ‎as ‎part‏ ‎of ‎a‏ ‎botnet ‎or ‎for ‎other ‎malicious‏ ‎activities

Security‏ ‎Recommendations:

📌Besides ‎applying‏ ‎the ‎latest‏ ‎firmware ‎updates, ‎users ‎should ‎use‏ ‎strong,‏ ‎unique‏ ‎passwords ‎for‏ ‎their ‎devices‏ ‎and ‎secure‏ ‎their‏ ‎Wi-Fi ‎networks‏ ‎to ‎further ‎reduce ‎the ‎risk‏ ‎of ‎exploitation

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